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How Condensation and Evaporation Shape Our Weather

How Condensation and Evaporation Shape Our Weather Condensation and evaporation are two terms that appear early on and often when learning about weather processes. They are essential to understanding how water―which is always present (in some form) in the atmosphere―behaves. Condensation Definition Condensation is the process by which water residing in the air changes from  water vapor  (a gas) to liquid water. This happens when the water vapor is cooled to the dew point temperature, which leads to saturation. Anytime you have warm air rising up into the atmosphere, you can expect condensation to eventually occur. There are also many examples of condensation in our daily lives, such as the formation of water droplets on the outside of a cold drink. (When the cold drink is left sitting on a table, the moisture (water vapor) in the rooms air comes in contact with the cold bottle or glass, cools, and condenses on the drinks outside.) Condensation: a Warming Process Youll often hear condensation called a warming process, which can be confusing since condensation has to do with cooling. While condensation does cool the air inside of the air parcel, in order for that cooling to occur, that parcel must release heat into the surrounding environment. Thus, when speaking about the effect of condensation on the overall atmosphere, it warms it. Heres how it works:Remember from chemistry class that molecules in a gas are energetic and move very fast, while those in a liquid move slower. In order for condensation to happen, the water vapor molecules must release energy so that they can slow their movement. (This energy is hidden and is therefore called latent heat.) Thank Condensation for This Weather... A number of well-known weather phenomenon are caused by condensation, including: DewFogClouds Evaporation Definition The opposite of condensation is evaporation. Evaporation is the process of changing liquid water into water vapor (a gas). It transports water from the Earths surface to the atmosphere. (It should be noted that solids, like ice, can also evaporate or be transformed directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid. In meteorology, this is called  sublimation.) Evaporation: a Cooling Process For water molecules to go from a liquid to an energized gaseous state, they must first absorb heat energy. They do this by colliding with other water molecules. Evaporation is called a cooling process because it removes heat from the surrounding air. Evaporation in the atmosphere is a crucial step in the water cycle. Water on Earths surface will evaporate into the atmosphere as energy is absorbed by liquid water. Water molecules that exist in the liquid phase are free-flowing and in no particular fixed position. Once energy is added to water by heat from the sun, the bonds between the water molecules gain kinetic energy or energy in motion. They then  escape the surface of the liquid and become a gas (water vapor), which then rises  into the atmosphere. This process of water evaporating from the surface of the Earth happens continually and continually transports water vapor into the air.  The rate of evaporation depends on air temperature, wind speed, cloudiness. Thank Evaporation for This Weather... Evaporation is responsible for several weather phenomena, including: HumidityClouds

Strategic Management planning and execution Essay

Strategic Management planning and execution - Essay Example In other words strategy defines where an organization is, where it heading to and how is it going to reach there. As a formalized business process, strategy planning has been in place for as long as four decades ago. However it is commonly observed that most organizations have no idea of where to head to and even if they know that, they don't know how to conduct the planning process effectively. This has led to the failure of most strategic plans which are no less than sitting un-used puppet. Actual implementation is barely observed. Luckily, since the past decades, steps have been taken to make strategy planning and execution more effectively. As the organizations are subjected and exposed to the pains of recession in this crippling world economy, tradition business models need to be turned inside out. It is very important to turn the traditional business models upside down and shape new ways of for strategy implementation and formulation. There are two ways in which strategy can be defined in every company. These are both independent and simultaneous processes through which strategy is defined. In the first strategy making process, the formulation is conscious and analytical in nature. It involves the assessment of market nature, competitive edge, the weakness, customer needs and the main agents of market grown. In this kind of process, strategy is formulated with a concrete beginning and end. Such processes are mostly managed by the top management. The end result of this process is an intended strategy. Intended strategy is also called deliberate strategy. Intended strategy is made a process which is called strategy formulation. In intended strategies, a pattern of decisions are formulate before an action can be undertaken. It is prior to action. It is known to be implemented provided that three conditions are met. One, all those associated with the organization should be able to comprehend each and every clause in the management's intended strategy. Two, if a collective action needs to be undertaken to implement there should be common understanding throughout the organization keeping in line the views of the top management. Thirdly, the actions must take place, irrespective of the political, technological or market conditions outside. Because it is very rare to find circumstances where all three conditions can be met, intended strategy is rarely implemented. Emergent strategy formation . A strategy gives a company the opportunity through which it can align itself and be able to exploit its potential to the maxim. While doing so, the environment and other factors are continuously accounted for and changes apportioned to the strategy accordingly. In other words strategy defines where an organization is, where it heading to and how is it going to reach there. The second strategy making process is called the emergent strategy making process. Emergent strategy is on the actions itself. It is a result of every day priority decisions made by different stake holders in the organization. They could be middle managers, engineers, sales people, financial staff etc. The decisions are independent of the intentions. The decisions are made despite the absence of "intentions". Most managers do not consider this decision a strategic decision but call it tactical in nature and character. For instance, Intel's decision to try out Unicom order. This was a second tier

STEP Analysis and Market Segmentations for a Motorola Company Essay

STEP Analysis and Market Segmentations for a Motorola Company - Essay Example It is stated that widely distributed sales and system integration teams of Motorola company collaborated by improvised phone, e-mail, and paper processes. Motorola consists of three businesses: Connected Home Solutions, Networks & Enterprise, and Mobile Devices. Connected Home Solutions provides a scalable, integrated end-to-end system for the delivery of broadband services that keeps consumers informed, entertained and connected. Mobile Devices designs, manufactures, sells and services wireless subscriber and server equipment for cellular systems, portable energy storage products and systems, servers and software solutions and related software and accessory products. Networks & Enterprise solutions include secure two-way radio, cellular and wireless broadband systems to meet the needs of public safety, government, private, and service provider and enterprise customer’s world-wide. The researcher then focuses on the analysis of Motorola’s RAZR phone, that is used in mul ti-national business, which is characteristic of a social and cultural worldview today. In relation to Motorola’s RAZR business goals to retain more consumers, it becomes important to look at the improvements and continuations of the company’s strategy. It is concluded then by the researcher of this essay that the Motorola RAZR has identified with innovation, being one of the highest selling products in mobile communications history, that maintain a connection with customer culture and time the release of new products.

Marketing transportation homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Marketing transportation homework - Essay Example 2. The two logistic activities that I have settled on include the communication and the transaction processing in companies. The internet has influenced these sectors to a large extent, some being positive while others negative. For instance, communication has been improved and the presence of smart phones has enhanced even attendance in meetings without the presence of an individual. The transactions that exist and occur in businesses has developed to be online. Some issues like theft have come up as many individuals are lured into believing that the sellers are genuine while in real sense are being duped. These issues are quite surprising as one gets to realize that, just like any other solution, the internet has its demerits too. 3. There are many macro level challenges that have come up as a result of technological advancements. For instance, lack of good record keeping due to lack of attending meetings, the opposition to technological development faced by the managers from the employees. The other challenge includes the introduction of more portable devices yet this makes the information more insecure as the level of being prone to theft is much higher and increased. 1. The corporate level strategy is aimed at overseeing the management of the company, the objectives and aims of the business and the type of business in the company. The strategic level plays the role of intermediaries between the business and the managers. They develop strategies and match the needs with the people who will perform the functions to attain the goals of the company. The functional level is where the real work is done. This is the section whereby the logistics and calculations are performed in terms of the objectives of the company. 2. Logistic strategy is not directly connected to the corporate strategy but is influenced through the strategies of the business

Global Warming Rough Draft Environmental Sciences Essay

Global Warming Rough Draft Environmental Sciences Essay In recent discussions on the topic of Global Warming, a controversial issue has been whether the facts support this as a real issue and that the worlds temperature is in fact warming or one of this being a myth and the planets overall temperatures are not raising any more or less than in any other time in history. On the one hand, some argue that patterns of climate change have always existed in history and that does not show that the planet is warming at all. From this perspective, many factors can effect climate change and the planet has a cycle of warming and cooling that has continued throughout history. On the other hand, others argue that the use of fossil fuels such as (oil, gas, and coal) have created excess Co2 in the atmosphere creating a greenhouse effect that has helped to raise temperatures of the planet substantially. In the words of most reputable scientists, one of this views main proponents, Al Gore author of the inconvenient truth, states global warming is indeed a serious issue in our world and is not just a myth. According to this view, climate change is an excepted fact and the planet is indeed warming as a result of human beings burning fossil fuels. In sum, then, the actual issue is whether global warming is real or a myth. Most scientists agree that this is not debatable and see it as more of fact. The dispute of global warming can be narrowed into two parallel debates. One is scientific, which focuses on the analyses of complex data that is hard for the lay person to understand and the other political side which is addressing what the proper response governments should take to a hypothetical risk. To add to this complex issue, large energy companies are lobbying against global warming in an effort to manipulate the truth, making even more grey areas and casting doubt on its veracity. Each side of the debate provides abundant scientific evidence that attempts to prove there point. Proponents of an instantaneous and all-encompassing regulatory response insist that the scientific debate has long been settled. Some scientific skepticism can be beneficial for scientists to challenge themselves to improve the understanding of the science behind global warming. Thus far this is not what materializes with climate change denial. Disbelievers dynamically censure any evidence that supports the issue that human beings are the main cause of global warming and yet embrace any argument, article, study, or blog that proposes disproving global warming or the affects individuals are partaking on global warming. The deniers and skeptics have used similar deceitful schemes that they have used for years. They continue to attack the messenger, proposing that a worldwide plot of officials and environmental scientists are trying to safeguard their funding using a one-sided portrayal of the IPCC process. Their attempts are to highlight any specific downgrade in the predictions and lift that out of context to suggest a less dire overall picture. Casting a fortified doubt and confusion, following the model of th e experts employed for years by the tobacco industry to debunk the effects of smoking direct relation to cancer. This is why Global Warming still has many controversies surrounding the topic that draw attention away from the real issue. Global warming still has many controversies surrounding the topic that draw attention away from the real issue. One example would be the resent Climatgate scandal where scientists were accused of manipulating and possible destroying data on climate change. According to an anonymous hacker with the pseudonym FOIA hacked into email accounts gathering over 1000 personal emails. The hacker then leaked small details of the emails in a way that at first looked like two chief researchers had manipulated or omitted parts of the data in order to present their findings. They later found the researchers did nothing wrong in the research or no evidence was found of foul play or manipulation. This shows the ongoing struggle at what lengths the individuals are willing to go to debunk the research. Many discussions still continue on the topic of Global Warming with both sides taking a stand on whether the facts support this as a real issue and the worlds temperature is in fact warming or one of thi s being a myth and the planets overall temperatures are not raising any more or less than in any other time in history. According to the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the product of hundreds of leading scientists from around the globe, confirms that global warming is happening now and needs to be addressed quickly to avoid costly and difficult problems. Many consider human caused global warming to be a myth, just an excuse for the record temperatures and other weather patterns. There are two main sides to the argument of the cause of global warming; those who believe that global warming is just a natural phase in the climatic habits of earth, and those who believe humans are the direct cause through the burning of fossil fuels and other processes. In an article released by the Dept. of Commerce, NASA claims the solar increases do not have the ability to cause large global temperature increases greenhouse gasses are indeed playing a dominant role. As the leading global scientific institution of the US Government, NASAs point is highly accepted by the community. In the same article, the Dept. of Commerce says that only a quarter of the amount of global warming can be attributed to the sun. That one-quarter is the natural part of global warming; the rest is from human activity. Humans are the dominant force behind the sharp global warming trend seen in the 20th century. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and fluctuations in the suns emissions, which were powerful influences on temperatures in past centuries, can account for only 25 percent of global warming. The rest of the warming was caused by human activity, particularly rising levels of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases. According to author, Thomas J. Crowley a Texas AM geologist natural variability plays only a subsidiary role in the 20th century warming and that the most parsimonious explanation for most of the warming is that it is due to the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gases. Crowley proposes the most direct link to date between people and the 1.1 degree Fahrenheit rise in average global temperatures over the last 100 years is due to something called the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by g ases trapped in the atmosphere. Part of this re-radiation is reflected back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere. This results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases. Increase in weather phenomena is another effect of global warming. One theory is that global warming may be contributing to stronger hurricanes in the Atlantic over the past 30 years. FSU geography Professor James B. Elsner, University of Wisconsin-Madison Professor James P. Kossin and FSU postdoctoral researcher Thomas H. Jagger have used global satellite data to find that the strongest tropical cyclones are, in fact, getting stronger and ocean temperatures play a role in driving this trend. This is consistent with the heat-engine theory of cyclone intensity which is all a result of the warming of our planet. Drought As global warming increases it will alter many climatic patterns of the planet. As far as rainfall is concerned, it will rise equator ially in both polar and sub-polar regions, and decrease in subtropical areas. This change in precipitation pattern will generate a drought in certain areas, while floods in other areas. Warming of the atmosphere will escalate the temperature in the planets seawaters, which will endure continued elevated temperatures for centuries. Warm water will lead to frequent natural disasters like hurricanes. Overall, the planet will experience extreme weather conditions, characterized by flood and droughts, heat waves and cold waves, and extreme storms like cyclones and tornadoes. A rise in global temperature will also hamper the lavish biodiversity of innumerable ecosystems. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on (IPCC), an increase in global temperature by 1.5 to 2.5 degrees will make 20 to 30 percent of species vulnerable to extinction, while a rise of about 3.5 degrees will make 40 to 70 percent species vulnerable to extinction. Climate change will result in loss of habitat for many animal species like polar bears, tropical frogs and coral reefs just to mention a few. More importantly, any alteration in the planets weather patterns will seriously affect the migration patterns of various species. Unstable patterns of rainfall will affect animals and humans equally. For humans, global warming will affect our foodstuff and water supplies as well as our health conditions. Changes in precipitation will affect basic necessities such as agriculture, power production etc. Increase in the temperature of ocean waters will hamper fisheries. The sudden change in climate patterns will have a hazardous effect on the human body which wont be able to endure the extreme conditions, a hint of which can be seen in form of frequent heat waves and cold waves. Upsurge in natural catastrophes such as storms, will lead to substantial human casualties. Communicable illnesses will rise to a noticeable degree as infection transmitting insects will adapt more quickly to extreme conditions carrying with them many diseases. Many people will die of malnutrition as food production will decrease due to frequent droughts and floods. The ever increasing stress it will have on our system will create less aid for those that rely on our kindness to feed themselves. As a nation, we are attributed as the leading cause of global warming, with the most greenhouse emissions anywhere in the world. As the most influential country in the world, we can choose to sit by and watch it happen, or we can decide to become a more environmentally aware population, setting an example for the entire world to see. The debate of the causes of global warming should not matter, because the fact is that we are contributing to global warming through our activities, adding on to any natural climatic phase that the earth is experiencing. By not releasing so much greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, we can end the global warming scare, and end the most debated environmental topic of the world today. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC), estimates are that it will take $1.375 trillion per year to keep the effects of climate change at a sustainable level keeping the global temperature increase to less than two degrees Celsius (3.6 Degrees Fahr enheit). Having a well-coordinated tax on co2 emissions will benefit the world as a whole and help to sustain countries by allowing them to purchase tax credits from underdeveloped countries which they can then use for an innovative and more sustainable future. A carbon tax is a pay as you go plan with carbon credits and being traded in an open market for current polluters to have time to retool for a sustainable energy source. Trade caps would invite civil war between the extreme groups of polluting nations and those that are more environmentally conscious. Monitoring of large pollution sources is already in place with a satellite and checks in surveillance and fiscal and economic policies. By taxing a relatively small number of large sources we can move forward to a cleaner more sustainable earth. Maybe add something on Sustainable Biofuels find alternatives to fossil fuels and Carbon sinks to reduce the effects of Co2 emissions from burning carbon based fuel. To summarize the mos t significant scientific findings of the preceding few years, scientists have added extensively to the vast body of evidence that demonstrates heat-trapping gases such as carbon dioxide that are fashioned primarily from the burning of fossil fuels are most certainly changing the global climate, rising temperatures and unsettling environments around the earth. My own view is that Global warming does exist and that humans have caused this increase due to the use of fossil fuels creating a greenhouse effect. Though I concede that specific variations of climate change can be on a cycle of the earths history, I still maintain that recent increase in climate changes are caused by an excess Co2 emission. For example, the burning of (oil, gas, and coal) is causing Co2 to build up in the atmosphere creating a greenhouse affect trapping gases that would not normally be there. This is rising the overall temperature of the earth and we are unsure of the negative side effects this may be causing for the future. Although some might object that the earths climate has a history of cycles and with no clear data as to what effect it will have on humans lives, I would reply that more research is needed and that we need to start looking for innovative ways to lesson our use of fossil fuels and look for renewable sustainable energy sources with less emissions. The issue is important because we all only have one planet and waiting until it is to late would not really be a viable option.

International Style Essay examples -- essays papers

International Style International style is an architectural style that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. This style became the dominant tendency for western architecture in the later twentieth century. Common characteristics of International style buildings are rectangular forms that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration, visually weightless qualities, open interior spaces, and an overwhelming association with geometry. Glass, steel, and reinforced concrete are the characteristic materials of construction. The International style grew from three phenomena that architects had to deal with; An incorporating mix of decorative elements from different architectual periods that had little or no relation to the building’s functions, the development and use of iron, steel, glass, and reinforced concrete, and the economical creation of large numbers of office buildings. These three phenomena basically outlined the search for an economica l utilitarian architecture, an architecture that would use the new materials and still appeal to aesthetic taste. Technology was key in this transition from tradition. The availability of cheap mass-produced iron and steel ultimately rendered masonry construction obsolete. â€Å"The International Style was thus formed under the dictates that modern buildings’form and appearance should naturally grow out of and express the potentialities of their materials and structural engineering. A harmony between artistic expression, function, and technology would thus be established in an austere and disciplined new architecture.† The International Style grew from a small group of brilliant and original architects who went on to achieve greatness in their field. The major figures include Walter Gropius, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe of Germany. Gropius and Mies were best known for their structures containing glass curtain walls spanning steel girders that would form the skeleton of the building. Walter Gropius (1883-1969) was in 1919 appointed to director of the Grand Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts, Academy of Arts, and School of Arts which were immediately joined as the Staatliches Bauhaus Weimar (â€Å"Public Bauhaus Weimar†). It was at this school that Gropius taught design principles. He saw architecture as ever changing, related to the contemporary world.... ...roblems. From the Greeks use of pillars for support and decoration (which have influenced architectural style since that time), to the medieval construction of castles (which saw the problems with masonry and brick solved). With the advent of steel and cast-iron a new architectural age became. With lighter, larger, and taller capabilities, the way our society looked, would never be the same. As American architects learned the principles of the new architecture, the name International Style was formed as a European-American hybrid. The name came in turn from a book called International Architecture by Walter Gropius. The underlying principles of the International style, sheerness, being plain, and flatness are filled with difficulties. Maintenance and weathering make it difficult to create an ideal, yet buildings that fit this description are seen in cities throughout the United States and world. â€Å"In postmodern architecture classical orders have been reintroduced as o ne of a number of contrasting design methods, so that the late 20th century architecture attempted to include historical references in its design and approach and was characterized by a new aesthetic pluralism.†

How does Alan Bennett make the audience feel empathy for Doris in A cream Cracker under the Settee?

A cream cracker under the settee is a dramatic monologue written by Alan Bennett in 1987 for television, as part of his Talking Heads series for the BBC. Doris is in her seventies. This hints at her being old and vulnerable in need of care and assistance. Moreover, she outlines that she does not â€Å"attempt to dust†, this is maybe because she is physically unable or consumed by her thoughts. Zulema says that her â€Å"dustings days are over†. This makes you feel sorry for Doris and deeply empathise with her. She may have a fear of dirt – rupophobia or she may just be an exceptionally sanitary person. Furthermore, Zulema exploits Doris' old age and feelings by saying she â€Å"doesn't have the sense she was born with†, this maybe true but it is inconsiderate towards Doris' feelings. Then again, Zulema does have the right to speak her mind, as she has to put up with Doris's nagging all week. Doris is never satisfied with Zulema's housekeeping saying, â€Å"Zulema doesn't dust, she half-dusts† This emphasises Doris obsession with cleanliness, maybe suggesting that she has OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder). Alternatively, maybe occupying her mind with such things helps her forget the melancholy she feels deep within. However, as we progress through the monologue we learn that Zulema in fact intimidates Doris. Ultimately, making Zulema the more dominating character. She does not hesitate in telling Doris â€Å"I am the only person that stands between you and Stafford House.† In spite of this, Doris is adamant that she will not lose her independence and is sure that she will remain in her own home. Another good example of this is when â€Å"she shoves the duster down the side of the chair†. We can only assume that Doris does this to avoid a lecture or confrontation with Zulema, preventing further distress. Again, we feel empathy for Doris as important issues such as treatment of the aged, growing old and life choices are brought to our attention. Therefore, we can conclude that she sometimes feels unhappy and unsettled in her own home. In the midst of all this, the fact remains Doris is suffering from a â€Å"numby† leg. Alan Bennett deliberately places talk about her leg between pauses so that the audience has time to focus on and consider Doris's current situation and therefore feel a great deal of compassion for her. These strategic pauses are used constantly throughout the monologue, giving us plenty to sympathise with. Throughout the monologue, the ending of each scene is indication by the simple stage direction â€Å"Go to black†. This maybe connotes a temporal shift or the passing of time. Moreover, before each scene fades to black, Alan Bennett gives the audience something to ponder over and keep in the back of their heads. For the whole of the monologue, Doris speaks to us directly. This enhances her vulnerability, yet she maybe biased, as we only know her point of view and nobody else's. This leads us to believe that Doris thinks everything revolves around her and she may come across as self-centred or self-obsessed. Then again, we feel great sympathy for Doris as she is isolated, cut off from reality, and maybe unwanted by a society, which considers her as an outsider. The setting changes throughout the monologue, as Doris travels to various parts of her home, nevertheless she remains in the same location. This connotes a very static nature, suggesting that Doris hardly ever goes out and mostly stays in the same room. According to her, â€Å"I never get a bona fide caller†, this tells us the only visitor she probably has is Zulema. We feel great empathy for Doris because she is lonely, lacking a faithful companion. Furthermore, the moving from the comfy position of her settee possibly indicates the movement from a secure and comfy position in life to her current situation. Still, this isolated place is her comfort zone, perhaps signifying that she is more likely to tell the truth as she is under no pressure and can speak of her own free will. Subsequently, she does in fact unravel the truth about various stages in her life. Another clever device Alan Bennett uses to make the audience feel empathy for Doris is humour and Doris certainly has a sense of humour, we realise this when she says, â€Å"Love God and close all gates.† The audience finds it easier to empathise with her because they can laugh with her and not at her. Her dry, sarcastic humour is a hit with audience off all ages. As Doris discusses her husband Wilfred, she talks about him â€Å"getting mad ideas†, stating how absurd they were and how he â€Å"never got round to it†. Yet, according to her, â€Å"A kiddy'd've solved all that†. This makes us wonder why Doris does not have a child and whether she has any family at all. We suddenly feel a great deal of compassion for her because her only family, Wilfred, has passed away. Later on, we discover that she did have a baby, which also passed away. â€Å"If it had lived I might have had grandchildren now,† she explains. Our degree of sympathy for Doris expands to greater lengths. Death is certainly one of Alan Bennett says of gaining empathy for his characters. Further on in the monologue we discover that Doris and Wilfred were not very outgoing people. Doris plainly explains, â€Å"We weren't the gregarious type.† This implies that even when Wilfred was alive, Doris was a secluded, reserved individual. Then she refers to Wilfred, â€Å"he thought he was, but he wasn't†. This gives us the impression that Wilfred could have been a sociable person except Doris stood in his way as she essentially controlled their relationship. We feel empathy for both characters here since they never really experienced anything amazing in their lives; except for grief and now for Doris, loneliness. This could all change though if Doris decided upon leaving home and moving to Stafford House but apparently â€Å"You go daft there, there's nowhere else for you to go but daft† according to Doris. Perhaps Doris is against the idea of leaving home because all her memories of Wilfred will remain there or she might just feel afraid and unprepared to face the real world on her own at a late stage in her life. Towards the end of the monologue, Doris hears the voice of a police officer, enquiring as to why her home lights are off. Instead of asking for his help, she lets him leave. It is assumed by the audience that Doris later dies, because she feels the time is right. Also as the conclusions to Bennett's plays are usually miserable. Her last words are â€Å"Never mind. It's done with now, anyway.† Then the â€Å"LIGHT FADES†, a sense of desperation and sadness fill the readers heart and mind, no greater empathy can possibly be felt for Doris at this stage. This dramatic and powerful text leaves the audience wondering, hoping. This is without doubt Alan Bennett's cleverest writing technique!

A corporation headed by five members Essay

Fahrenheit Technologies is a corporation headed by five members, all of whom are shareholders and primary members of the Board of Directors. Established in 2012, these five members who have developed a bond in their college years, decided to combine their diverse set of skills and go into business together. Thus, Fahrenheit Technologies was born. We decided upon that name because our carrier product is the â€Å"Thermo-Mug† – a travel mug/tumbler that can keep your hot beverage warm for much longer than a regular tumbler thanks to its re-heating feature. We also have plans for other innovative heating appliances in the future, which is why we felt that our company name â€Å"Fahrenheit† was appropriate. Key Business Operations: We will provide our customers with products positioned as innovative, functional in purpose, distinctive in quality and design and not widely available from other retailers. We aim to produce the highest quality products to our market as efficiently as possible. The company shall operate in the Ortigas business district but can also offer transactions outside the metro. Fahrenheit Technologies will be headquartered in 778 B, Mahogany Street, Octagon Village, Barangay Dela Paz, Pasig City. Aside from our headquarters being an industrially conducive environment, it is also close to our operational area. Along with catering to other businesses from our headquarters, we also have plans to expand Fahrenheit Technologies by having small, physical stores in places such as malls and plazas in order to be able to offer our products to a wider audience. Our labor force includes employees and workers under their respective departments, supervised by 4 Directors as department heads. In Finance, we plan to employ 1 certified public accountant. In Marketing/Sales, we will be assisted by 1 other employee while in Human Resource/Administration, 2 more employees will be hired. The concentration of our employees (10) is situated in our Operations/Quality Control department. (19total) Type of Business: Fahrenheit Technologies is a corporation that primarily caters to other businesses. The members of this corporation are headed by the aforementioned five major shareholders and 17 employees in totality. As a corporation catering to other businesses, we can eliminate the middle man and overcome mediating expenses, which in turn reduces overall cost. Also, with today’s technological advancements, it is getting easier and cheaper to conduct business with platforms such as E-commerce. With the B2B marketing strategy, we lower the cost for both selling and marketing, which in turn, maximizes our capital. Also called B to B or B2B – these are a type of commerce transaction that exists between businesses, such as those involving a manufacturer and wholesaler, or a wholesaler and a retailer. Business to business refers to business that is conducted between companies, rather than between a company and individual consumers. This is in contrast to business to consumer (B2C) and business to government (B2G). A typical supply chain involves multiple business to business transactions, as companies purchase components and other raw materials for use in its manufacturing processes. The finished product can then be sold to individuals via business to consumer transactions. An example that illustrates the business to business concept is automobile manufacturing. Many of a vehicle’s components are manufactured independently and the auto manufacturer must purchase these parts separately. For instance, the tires, batteries, electronics, hoses and door locks may be manufactured elsewhere and sold directly to the automobile manufacturer. In the context of communication, business to business refers to methods by which employees from different companies can connect with one another, such as through social media. This type of communication between the employees of two or more companies is called B2B communication. Organizational Chart Fahrenheit Technologies uses horizontal organizational chart. A business that is structured as a flat or horizontal organization is where power is shared more broadly and tends to allow staff more control over business matters according to their expertise, and often supportive of considerable collaboration between employees. It is, in essence, a decentralized power structure among the 4 main department heads and the president. Job Descriptions: The president of the business will be Victor Ros, whose responsibilities include creating, communicating, and implementing the organization’s vision, mission, and overall direction, leading, guiding, directing, and evaluating the work of other executive leaders including directors, formulating and implementing the strategic plan that guides the direction of the business, forming, staffing, guiding, leading, and managing the organization sufficiently in order to accomplish the strategic plans of the business. He also oversees that the budgets and resources are properly allocated and ensures the complete operation of Fahrenheit Technologies in accordance with the direction established by the board. Lastly, he is the one who is held responsible for overall accountability to shareholders and the general public. Operations director will be Harold Bautista whose duties include assuring that our products meet the highest safety and quality standards. He understands the goals of the organization and develops a clear vision of exactly how operations will help achieve them. This also involves translating these goals into implications for the operation’s performance, objectives, quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost. He oversees the daily operations in assembly and is in charge of inspections of products and parts purchased from our suppliers, as well as keeping records of supplier performance. He also plans and directs activities concerned with development, application, and maintenance of quality standards for industrial processes, materials, and products. The Finance Director is Gerone Santos who is responsible for providing the flow of financial information to the president, the board and, where necessary, external parties such as investors or financial institutions. His main responsibilities include overall control of the corporation’s accounting functions, transactions and accountancy matters, including audit systems. He also is in charge of formulating financial targets and budgets, manages company policies regarding capital requirements, debt, taxation, equity and acquisitions, as appropriate. Also, aside from preparing annual accounts, he is also responsible for ensuring that the regulatory requirements of all statutory bodies are met regarding all the corporation’s financial affairs. Job Descriptions: Human Resource Director will be Kevin Dela Torre whose main responsibilities include ensuring the smooth and profitable operation of the company’s human resources department. He supervises and provides consultation to management on strategic staffing plans, compensation, benefits, training and development, budget, and labor relations. He is also expected to take a leadership role in developing a culture that enables employees to perform in accordance to a firm’s objectives. Furthermore, he is also in charge of the effective planning, designing, developing and evaluating human resource-related initiatives that support organizational strategic goals. In addition, he also leads performance management, talent assessment and effective labor relationships, including negotiating and administering labor agreements. Our HR director will also supervise staff and report to the president on issues regarding implementation of policies and procedures, safety of the workforce, recruiting and hiring high-performing employees, and labor, legislative and other human resources issues. The Marketing Director is Francisco Andres whose responsibilities are boosting the sales of the company’s services and products by establishing brand recognition, optimization of the corporation’s market share using research on the competition comes and making sure that Fahrenheit Technologies is one step ahead in innovation and marketing. He is also in charge with annual marketing plans and supervising these plans so that they come to fruition. In addition, he also helps promote a positive image of the corporation not only to the consumers but within the company itself, he increases or maintains positive levels of customer satisfaction by providing impeccable customer support thru customer relationship management (CRM). He is also responsible for reviewing existing plans and strategies to make sure that we remain competitive and at par, even more, with your competitors. Finally, he reports the progress of any marketing strategy or plan that is ongoing and makes sure that all these plans and strategies are in line with the Fahrenheit Technology’s goals. Business Permits and Application 1. Verify and reserve the company name with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that will take 1 day and PHP40 2. Deposit paid-up capital in the Authorized Agent Bank (AAB) and obtain bank certificate of deposit 1 day no charge 3. Notarize articles of incorporation and treasurer’s affidavit at the notary 1 day PHP500 4. Register the company with the SEC and receive pre-registered Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) The SEC Head Office issues pre-registered TINs only if the company’s application for registration has been approved. The company must still register with the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) in order to identify applicable tax types, pay an annual registration fee, obtain and stamp sales invoices, receipts and the books of accounts. 3 days (PHP 1,926.44 filing fee equivalent to 1/5 of 1% of the authorized capital stock or the subscription price of the subscribed capital stock, whichever is higher but not less than PHP 1,000 + PHP 19.26 legal research fee (LRF) equivalent to 1% of filing fee but not less than PHP 10 + PHP 500 By-laws + PHP 150 for registration of stock and transfer book (STB) required for new corporations + PHP 320 STB + PHP 10 legal research fee for the By-laws) 5. Obtain barangay clearance 1 day PHP 500 6. Pay the annual community tax and obtain the community tax certificate (CTC) from the City Treasurer’s Office (CTO) 1 day PHP 400 Business Permits and Application The company is assessed a basic and an additional community tax. The basic community tax rate depends on whether the company legal form is a corporation, partnership, or association (PHP 500 or lower). The additional community tax (not to exceed Php 10,000.00) depends on the assessed value of real property the company owns in the Philippines at the rate of Php 2.00 for every Php 5,000.00 and on its gross receipts, including dividends or earnings, derived from business activities in the Philippines during the preceding year, at the rate of Php 2.00 for every Php 5,000.00. 1 day PHP 500 7. Obtain the business permit to operate from the BPLO The fees vary depending on the LGU issuing the permit. The rate of license fee imposed in Quezon City is 25% of 1% of the authorized capital stock. Other permits, such as locational clearance, fire safety and inspection certificate, sanitary permit, certificate of electrical inspection, mechanical permit, and other clearances or certificates required depending on the nature of business, are also imposable. The rate of these fees depends on the nature of business and land area occupied by the proposed corporation. The barangay clearance is a prerequisite for the issuance of business permit to operate. 6 days (PHP 2,408.05 business tax (25% of 1% of paid-up capital) + PHP 200 mayor’s permit + PHP 150 sanitary inspection fee + PHP 50 signboard fee + PHP 300 business plate + PHP 100 QCBRB + PHP 545 zoning clearance + PHP 1,300 garbage fee+ PHP 300 FSIC (10% of all regulatory fees)) 8. Buy special books of account at bookstore Special books of accounts are required for registering with the BIR. The books of accounts are sold at bookstores nationwide. One set of journals consisting of four books (cash receipts account, disbursements account, ledger, general journal) costs about PHP 400. Business Permits and Application 9. Apply for Certificate of Registration (COR) and TIN at the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) The requirements for application for COR with the BIR are: a. Duly accomplished and filled-out BIR Form No. 1903 (Application for Registration for Corporations); b. Payment Form (BIR Form No. 0605); c. SEC Certification of Incorporation; d. Articles of Incorporation and By-laws; e. Contract of Lease (with BIR Form No. 2000 and supporting BIR Payment Form as proof of payment of documentary stamp tax on the lease agreement); f. Documentary Stamp Tax Return (BIR Form No. 2000) on the original issuance of shares and Payment Form (for the DST payment); and g. Mayor’s Permit/Business Permit Application (duly stamped received by the Business Licensing Division of the local government of Pasig City). 2 days PHP 100 (certification fee) and PHP 15 (documentary stamp tax, in loose form to be attached to Form 2303) 10. Pay the registration fee and documentary stamp taxes (DST) at the AAB The rate of documentary stamp tax on original issuance of shares of stock shall be Php 1.00 for every Php 200.00 or fractional part thereof, of the par value, of such shares of stock. The documentary stamp tax return shall be filed and the tax paid on or before the fifth (5th) day after the close of the month of approval of SEC registration. 1 day (PHP 500 registration fee + PHP 4,169.97 DST on original issuance of shares of stock. DST on the lease contract is not included in the computation of the cost) 11. Obtain the authority to print receipts and invoices from the BIR Business Permits and Application a. Duly completed application for authority to print receipts and invoices (BIR Form No. 1906); b. Job order; c. Final and clear sample of receipts and invoices (machine-printed); d. Application for registration (BIR Form No. 1903); and e. Proof of payment of annual registration fee (BIR Form No. 0605). 1 day no charge 12. Print receipts and invoices at the print shops The cost is based on the following specifications of the official receipt: 1/2 bond paper (8  ½ x 5  ½ cm) in duplicate, black print, carbonless. The minimum print volume is 25 booklets. 7 days PHP 3,500 13. Have books of accounts and Printer’s Certificate of Delivery (PCD) stamped by the BIR a. All required books of accounts; b. VAT registration certificate; c. SEC registration; d. BIR Form W-5; e. Certified photocopy of the ATP; and f. Notarized taxpayer-user’s sworn statement enumerating the responsibilities and commitments of the taxpayer-user. The company must also submit a copy of the PCD to the BIR RDO having jurisdiction over the printer’s principal place of business. 1 day no charge 14. Register with the Social Security System (SSS) To register with the SSS, the company must submit the following documents: a. Employer registration form (Form R-1); b. Employment report (Form R-1A); c. List of employees, specifying their birth dates, positions, monthly salary and date of employment; and d. Articles of incorporation, by-laws and SEC registration. Business Permits and Application Upon submission of the required documents, the SSS employer and employee numbers will be released. The employees may attend an SSS training seminar after registration. SSS prefers that all members go through such training so that each member is aware of their rights and obligations. 7 days no charge 15. Register with the Philippine Health Insurance Company (PhilHealth) To register with PhilHealth, the company must submit the following documents: a. Employer data record (Form ER1); b. Report of employee-members (Form ER2); c. SEC registration; d. BIR registration; and e. Copy of business permit. Upon submission of the required documents, the company shall get the receiving copy of all the forms as proof of membership until PhilHealth releases the employer and employee numbers within three months.1 day no charge 16. Register with Home Development Mutual Fund (Pag-ibig) To register with the HDMF, the corporation must submit the following documents: a. Employer’s Data Form (EDF [FPF040]); b. Specimen Signature Form (SSF[FPF170]); c. Copy of SEC Certificate of Incorporation; d. Copy of Approved Articles of Incorporation and By-laws; and e. Board Resolution or Secretary’s Certificate indicating the duly designated Authorized Representative. Upon submission of the complete documents and payment of the first contribution to the fund, the Pag-IBIG will issue the HDMF number and the HDMF Certificate of Salaries & Benefits: The Chief Officers decides not to have dividend that will worth their hard work and investments since the company is on its starting stage. They decided to recover it until the company start getting to be more profitable than on its starting stage. Every Assistants’ salary is based on the Philippines’ standard and will continuously have an increase as they get promoted based on their performance. The personnel is earning the minimum wage pay in Metro Manila and will also have benefits as the law mandated. The laws on labor standards and employment relations are consolidated in the Labor Code of the Philippines. The salient points of employment conditions and employee benefits under the Philippine labor laws are as follows: Fahrenheit Technologies is giving benefits to their employees as it is mandated by the law. The following are the benefits given by the company as required by the law: 13th month pay, Social Security System (SSS), Philippine Health Insurance (PhilHealth) contributions, Home Development Mutual Fund (Pag-ibig Fund) contributions, overtime pay, special holiday/rest day rates, meal and rest periods, and service incentive leave. Other than that, the company is also giving a benefit which is non-mandated by the law, the Christmas Bonus. Social Security System (SSS) Since Fahrenheit Electronics is a private company, they are required to be a member of SSS (Republic Act No. 8282). Social Security Systems aims to protect its member when they are out to source income or when they are unable to work such as sickeness, maternity, after retiring age (meaning, no source of income already), death and other situation where it will result to financial problem. Philippine Health Insurance (PhilHealth) The Philippine government has its medical insurance company, the Philippine Health Insurance or the PhilHealth. Every employee is required to be contributor on this service (Republic Act 7875). Members and its dependent are given health and hospitalization aids by this organization. Home Development Mutual Fund (Pag-ibig Fund) The Fahrenheit Electronics employers are also contributing to Pag-ibig Fund (Republic Act 7835) in behalf of their employees. The Home Development Mutual Fund is providing the lowest interest housing and land acquisition it its members that can be payable up to thirty (30) Salaries & Benefits: years. This gives every Filipino an opportunity to acquire their own home by directly deducted from their monthly wages and or salaries. 13th Month Pay All Filipino employees are entitled to have a year-end bonus that has the equivalent of a one (1) month salary. It is regardless on the nature of employee’s employment and it should be given every year. As it is based on the Presidential Decree No. 851, the Fahrenheit Electronics gives its 13th month pay not later than the 24th of December. Overtime Pay, Holiday Pay and Rest Day Rates Fahrenheit Electronics’ employees are rendering eight (8) hours of service per day and if it exceeds, that will be given overtime pay and will be equivalent to the employee’s regular hourly wages plus at least twenty five percent (25%) under Article 87. However, if the company ask their employee to work on their scheduled rest day, particularly Sunday, and on a non-working holiday, the company will be paying them additional compensation at least thirty percent (30%) of his regular wage under Article 93. Meal and Rest Periods The company is giving one (1) hour break for their meals, particularly on Sunday. The company also gives rest periods particularly 15 minutes in the morning and afternoon. These short periods of time is counted as hours worked and it is use for employees to have their coffee and or snack breaks. Service Incentive Leave If the company’s employee has worked for at least one (1) year, they are entitled to have five (5) days leave of absence, with pay, every year. If the employee does not avail those paid leaves, the company can made it mandatory or that leave can be converted to cash equivalents and will be given at the end of the year. Christmas Bonus Of course, it will be given on December before the Christmas Eve. This will be the Fahrenheit Electronics Christmas gift to their employees. Hiring of Personnel: To become an employee of the Fahrenheit Electronics, an applicant goes though some or all of the following phases of the hiring procedures. 1. For employment application, an applicant fills out a Personnel Data Sheet which he/she signs to attest to the truth and accuracy of the information given. This form, available at the Human Resource and Development Office (HRDO), serves as the employee application form which, upon employment, becomes part of the employee’s file with the office. All information on the Personnel Data Sheet is subject to verification and the company reserves the right to dismiss an employee found to have falsified data. 2. A preliminary interview is conducted and a reference checking is made by gathering relevant information from the references given by the applicant in the Personal Data Sheet. 3. A set of employment tests is given to the applicant who passes the preliminary screening. These are the standardized psychological test and skills tests administered by the Administration Office (AO). The test results will help indicate if the applicant is suited for the job. Test results are confidential and may not be shown to applicants or to unauthorized persons. 4. NBI and Police Clearances are required from an applicant who is considered for a job. These clearances are to be forwarded to the HRDO. 5. A medical examination/clearance is also required. The medical examination consists of a physical examination like chest x-ray and a Hepa-B examination. Hiring of Personnel (continued) 6. Finally, an interview is conducted by the supervisor of the HRDO. Upon the supervisor’s recommendation, a temporary or probationary appointment shall be issued. 7. Screening Process for Hiring Purposes. This last step includes final considerations including: Review of application letter, resume, clearances, Transcript of Records Interview by the HRDO head Psychological test by the HRDO Director Second level decision based on results of test by the HRDO Director HRDO reviews medical and other requirements Final decision by the office concerned Orientation: Most employees are nervous on the first day of a new job. We make this transition easier by conducting a detailed orientation program. This lifts the burden from the employee of having to figure things out on his own. It also sends a positive message to the employee about Fahrenheit Technologies’ organizational structure. Before the employee begins work, the human resources department or the employee’s manager is to contact him to answer any questions he may have concerning dress code, document requirements, where he should be on the first day and what time to arrive. Performance Appraisal: Fahrenheit Technologies will conduct its performance appraisals based on their employees’ output. This type of appraisal focuses on job products as the primary criteria. The most commonly used output-based appraisal is Management-by-Objectives (MBO). This specifies the performance goals that an individual hopes to attain within an appropriate length of time. The objectives that each manager sets are derived from the overall goals and objectives of the organization. Implementation of an MBO appraisal system is comprised of four basic stages. Job Review and Agreement: In the first phase the employee and the supervisor review the job description and the key activities that comprise the employee’s job. The idea is to agree on the exact makeup of the employee’s job. Development of Performance Standards: Specific standards of performance must be mutually developed. This phase specifies a satisfactory level of performance that is specific and measurable. Guided Objective Setting: Objectives are established by the employee in conjunction with, and guided by, the supervisor. Objectives should be realistically attainable and may be different from the set performance standard. Continuing Performance Discussions: The employee and the supervisor use the objectives as bases for continuing discussions about the employee’s performance. Although a formal review session may be scheduled, the employee and the manager do not necessarily wait until the appointed time for performance discussion. GANTT Chart: (Vic) Product Concept: This is a three dimensional (3D) rendering of our carrier product, the Thermo-Mug. Benefits: If you love hot drinks, you definitely want them to stay hot no matter where you go. The Thermo-Mug ensures that your coffee, hot chocolate or tea stays hot while you are out and about. There are so many options of travel mugs out in the market, but only our Thermo-Mug provides these benefits: Temperature-Control Thermo-Mug is the only travel mug with a temperature control chamber. The chamber keeps hot beverages at the perfect sipping temperature. You no longer have to decide between burning your tongue or waiting until your beverage is too tepid to enjoy. And when your hot beverage starts to get cold, simply plug it into your car lighter or any USB port. The Thermo-Mug warms it back up in no time. When your coffee is the perfect temperature, it tastes its best. Locking Lid Hot coffee in your lap is painful. Hot chocolate in your cup holder is a sticky mess. One of the benefits of the Thermo-Mug is its locking lid. Pour your beverage into it, screw on the lid and go. The Thermo-Mug ensures that your hot beverage stays where it belongs while you roll over potholes or run for the bus. Dropping your tea while you juggle your bags no longer means a wasted drink. Form & Function Many travel mugs simply miss the mark in one way or another. The Thermo-Mug is ergonomically designed to fit snugly yet comfortably in your grip. The mug has a non-slip grip on its bottom and fits into all cup holders. Its 16-ounce capacity ensures that you have a cup for the smallest espresso to the tallest latte. Also, no fashion-forward person wants to carry a clunky, unattractive mug to work or school. Our Thermo-Mug comes with stylish stainless steel and chrome accents. Benefits (continued) Cheap Advertising With these travel mugs, you can have your business logo and advertisement carried by many people wherever they go. Not only are they portable and long lasting, they make great walking billboards for your business’s brand. Our Thermo-Mugs are relatively inexpensive if bought in quantity. Even if they are bought in smaller amounts, they still function as cheap mobile advertising. There are not many promotional items that can last as long as printed travel mugs. As a business, you want your logo to work to its full potential. It needs to be eye-catching and easy to read. Being that coffee and tea are big parts of most people’s lives, using our Thermo-Mug with your logo on it ensures that people are always aware of your brand. They are an easy and great way to build up your name throughout your market sector. For Convenience The most obvious use of a travel coffee mug is consuming hot beverages while out and about. It also minimizes the chance of spilling your drink. You can also make coffee only once and store up to three servings in it. The insulation system of the Thermo-Mug will ensure that the coffee temperature is perfect for later consumption. For The Environment Lots of companies are trying to move away from disposable items for the sake of being eco-friendly. The Thermo-Mug achieves this because they’re reusable, thereby fulfilling corporate responsibility. They are also energy efficient in that you don’t have to keep brewing coffee throughout the day. Company Profile & Logo: Logo Company Name Fahrenheit Technologies Company Location 778 B, Mahogany Street, Octagon Village, Barangay Dela Paz, Pasig City Contact Information 512-3640 / 0917-888-1218 Key Executives Victor Ros, Francisco Andres, Harold Bautista, Gerone Santos & Kevin Dela Torre Branch Locations TBA Company Description Established in 2012, we produce consumer products that are innovative, functional, distinctive in quality and design and not widely available from other retailers. Number of Employees 1 President, 4 Executive Directors, 4 in administration, and 10 in operations – a total of 19. Location: Fahrenheit Technologies will be located in 778 B, Mahogany Street, Octagon Village, Barangay Dela Paz, Pasig City, housed in a two-storey building with a large assembly area, 4 offices, and a conference room. The City of Pasig is one of the city-municipalities of Metro Manila and was the former capital of the province of Rizal prior to the formation of this grouping of cities designated as the National Capital Region. Located along the eastern part of Metro Manila, Pasig is bordered on the west by Quezon City and Mandaluyong City; to the north by Marikina City; to the south by Makati City, Pateros, and Taguig City; and to the east by Antipolo City. Pasig is primarily residential and industrial but has been becoming increasingly commercial in recent years. With its close proximity to the Ortigas Business District, our target market area, we’ve confirmed that this location serves our company the best. Ortigas Center is a financial and central business district with an area of more than 100 hectares. It is Metro Manila’s second most important business district after Makati City. It is home to many shopping malls, call centers, office and condominium skyscrapers, other building complexes, nightlife bars and restaurants. It is surrounded by the streets of EDSA to the west, Ortigas Avenue to the north, Meralco Avenue to the east, and Shaw Boulevard to the south. All of these factors make Ortigas Center a prime location to introduce our product to the market. Layout: The layout of our office, seen here, shows a large assembly area to the right. This is where most of our operations take place. In the middle you see our sales office at the bottom and directly above it is our Head Office bordered by our conference room used for meetings and planning and such. At the bottom left of this layout will be where our Human Resource and Accounting Office are placed. Above that will be our Marketing office. At the very left corner of this layout is the fire exit that leads outside. A x square meter space, we will be leasing this building for Php 50,000.00 per month. Manufacturing/Assembly Process: -help paco -pictures -step by step -ent res charts for manufacturing/production Our workers have a total of 8 working hours including1:30 minutes break. An individual worker can assemble one mug in 20 minutes including all the process. One worker can produce 24 mugs in six hours and thirty minutes. To account for employee absences and late arrivals and such, we will assume that 1 worker per day can assemble or produce 20 travel mugs. Production Process: –help paco -pictures -step by step -ent res charts for manufacturing/production Our workers have a total of 8 working hours including1:30 minutes break. An individual worker can assemble one mug in 15 minutes including all the process. One worker can produce 26 mugs in six hours and thirty minutes. To account for employee absences and late arrivals and such, we will assume that 1 worker per day can assemble or produce 20 travel mugs. Raw Materials: Stainless Steel Cup. (durability of the product) Twelve (12) pesos per unit. P 30,000 in bulk. Handle. (rubberized on the inner side where the finger tips will be placed to enhance grip) Five (5) pesos per unit. P 12,500 in bulk. USB Connector. (option) (can be used when you’re using laptop) Ten (10) pesos per unit. P 25,000 in bulk. Car Cigarette Lighter. (option) (To feel the portability of the product using car) Ten (10) pesos per unit. P 25,000 in bulk. Plastic Lid. (made from food grade plastic) Five (5) pesos per unit. P 12,500 in bulk. Bottom Holder – Holds the heating container in place, connects the USB Adaptor to the heating coil, and attaches to the plastic accent (above it) and the bottom plate (below it). Fifteen (10) pesos per unit. P 25,000 in bulk. Plastic Accent – covers the inner layer of the Thermo-Mug. Serves as a safety measure and aesthetic design. Five (5) per unit. P 12,500 in bulk. Heating Coil. Fifteen (15) pesos per unit. P 37,500 in bulk. Bottom Plate – holds the outer layer of the unit to the inner reheat layer. two (3) pesos per unit. P 7,500 in bulk. Factory Machinery & Equipment: The following are the Fahrenheit Electronics’ Factory Machinery and Equipment used for the production of the Thermo-Mug: The following are the Fahrenheit Electronics’ Factory Machinery and Equipment used for the production of the Thermo-Mug: Wires (Php 18 per meter) P 2,340 per 150 meter. It is a single wire, cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. It use for the electricity flow directly to the coils to heat-up. Long Nose And Diagonal Wire Cutter (Php 350.00 per unit) P 4.86 per month. It is used for cutting electrical wires. Soldering iron (Php 450.00 per unit) P 6.25 per month. It is used to solder the wirings and coils to produce durable bonding and connection between each other. Electric tape (Php 5.00 per unit) It is used to cover-up open wires. It is also used to insulate electrical wirings to prevent from unnecessary conduction. Food grade epoxy (Php 1,276.38 per 3.74 liters) Food grade epoxy is used to bond each part of the tumbler. It is a food grade material so it can’t harm anybody who’ll use the product. Factory Machinery & Equipment: 8 in 1 screw driver with flashlight. It is used for the screws involved in the production of the product. (P 195.00 each) P2.70 per month. Packaging: The Company’s Smart mug is wrapped by a plastic film, polyethylene. It is a common plastic and commonly used in packaging different kinds of product such as bottles, containers, furniture, appliances and so on and so forth. The product is wrapped with it because of its flexibility to fit the package firmly. It is also for better stress resistance, impact resistance, and toughness of the product. Packaging which forms a sales unit for the user or final consumer .The product will be enclose in a plastic wrap and each product will have a carton box and comes to a bigger box for the storage in the building. The main packaging materials included: * Carton box * Plastic wrap * Paper/fiberboard Packaging Cost Carton box= P 400 per month Plastic wrap= P 1000 per month Paper/fiberboard = P 4000 per month Packaging The Fahrenheit Electronics’ Thermo-cup is wrapped by a plastic film made from polyethylene. It is a common plastic and commonly used in packaging different kinds of product such as bottles, containers, furniture, appliances and so on and so forth. The product is wrapped with it because of its flexibility to fit the package firmly. It is also for better stress resistance, impact resistance, and toughness of the product. After the wrapping of polyethylene plastic film, it will mainly packed in a semi open box like carton packaging with a company name and descriptions indicated. The logo of the company will be placed at the upper-center most of the thermo-cup. The design of the logo will be print screened or engraved depends upon the demand and taste of the customer. The company will offer a different style of marketing which the customer will have an option to customize their own thermo-cup by making their own logo engraved or print screened on it and it depends where the logo will be placed. But the packaging will be the same as mentioned and prices may vary. Delivery: Our company use L300 van in delivering our product. This van is owned by our co- owners and this is one of our company’s advantages. We don’t need to pay for rental of vehicles we just spend a sort money for the gasoline. Our company owned three vehicles to be used for our transactions. The vehicles to be used by our company are the following: *Kia K2700 cost = (839,000 pesos) * Nissan close van cost = (200,000 pesos) 2nd hand The total cost of our two vehicles amount to 1,039,000 Php Depreciation value of vehicles : * Kia K2700 = 69,916.67 Php per month * Nissan close van = 16,666.67 Php per month Total depreciation cost = 86,583.34 Php per year Many businesses use their own vehicles when transacting operations. Our vehicles are owned by our three directors our Operation Director Mr. Bautista owned the Mitsubishi adventure, our Marketing director Mr. Andres owned the Kia k2700 and our Finance Director Mr. Santos owned the Nissan close van. Quality & Safety Measures: Our product Thermo-Mug has heating capacity to ensure that our consumers will enjoy their specific hot drinks. Our product thermo cup has usb plug and lighter heater plug in order for the thermo cup to maintain its warm temperature. This product is portable and there is no need for the consumers to avail hot water, they could simply plug in their thermo cup in their laptops or cars and the thermo cup would automatically heat up their drinks. Thermo cup does not contain any hazardous chemical. The inner part of thermo cup is made up of stainless metal which is the heater of the mug. The outer layer of the cup is made up of fiber glass and can absorb the heat of the cup. Each electrical part of the thermo cup was fixed very well to ensure the safety of the consumers. Thermo cup has a limit heating temperature and it is only up to 72 Fahrenheit. This kind of temperature is for warming purposes and probably safe. Our product thermo mug is designed for young professionals and other busy professionals. Thermo mug is different from ordinary tumblers thermo mug has heat retention properties. It also contains USB plug and car plug for heat retention. Consumers can plug this mug on their laptops and even in their own cars. Thermo mug is properly sealed and the outer part of our product is all water proof so thermo mug is absolutely washable. The stainless still container which holds the liquid beverage is also washable. Thermo mug contains 12 volts if it is plug into the car socket and if it is plug into USB plugs it contains 5 volts which is built for the safety of our possible consumers. The socket of thermo mug contains retractable plug cover to prevent water leak when washing the thermo mug.-pictures -add more descriptions as needed Location & Layout: Fahrenheit Technologies will be headquartered in 778 B, Mahogany Street, Octagon Village, Barangay Dela Paz, Pasig City. The total size of our office is 273.37 square meters. -add narrative -benefits/advantages of layout Introduction to Marketing Aspect As mentioned, Fahrenheit Technologies is a corporation that primarily caters to other businesses (B2B). These are a type of commerce transaction that exists between businesses, such as those involving a manufacturer and wholesaler, or a wholesaler and a retailer. Business to business refers to business that is conducted between companies, rather than between a company and individual consumers. In order to be successful with your B2B marketing plan, you need to begin with getting answers to questions about just how you will define your marketing success. Thinking about your business and committing your marketing goals and budget to paper is the first meaningful step towards a plan to succeed. Planning your marketing will also eliminate knee-jerk spending that usually results in wasting scarce financial resources that do not produce a return on investment. This is where all the information gathered about the current market is vital. In this part of the study we will discuss the factors that affect the feasibility of our business. One of the first factors that need attention is the industry analysis. Industry analysis involves reviewing information on current economic market conditions. Industries studied can include retail, fast food, manufacturing, various repair services and construction. The type and number of business industries analyzed depends on the local economic market. Markets with large groups of consumers or several demographic groups often have more business industries than smaller economic markets. Free market economies are built on the concept of supply and demand. Markets with high consumer demand often have more companies in particular industries. And when it comes to supply and demand, that is also one of the most important parts of economics and how it measures the strength of a market economy. Supply and demand set the price and the amount of a good that will be produced. When the demand is high the price will be less, but when the price is high the demand will be less. Market Overview general view of the market possible customers in a general sense charts and graphs according to survey Market Segmentation charts and graphs according to survey more centralized according to target markets Target Markets -charts and graphs according to survey -actual businesses we’ve targeted The Fahrenheit Technologies targets the big and small companies that can sell the thermo-mug to its clients. The biggest client of Fahrenheit Technologies is the travel airlines, coffee shops and tea shops. Some other business that will buy our product that they will be using in there promotional activities for the customers. Promotional Activities Push Strategy: Push strategy uses company’s sales force to create customer demand for product. In it the manufacturer promotes the products to distributors, the distributors to wholesalers, the wholesalers to retailers and in last retailers to customers. This strategy requires less expenditure as no major advertisement is made. But still to adopt push strategy all supply chain members have to give special offers to the buyers, they have to give discounted offers and closeout deals, etc. This strategy is also very effective in wholesale business as the wholesalers have to sell products to retailers and until or unless they offer something special to retailers they will not buy from them. So adopting promotional activities is very important for wholesale suppliers. Sales Promotion Business-to-business markets sales promotions are also used as a means of moving customers to action. However, the promotional choices available to the B-to-B marketer are not as extensive as those found in the consumer or trade markets. For example, most B-to-B marketers do not use coupons as a vehicle for sales promotion with the exception of companies that sell to both consumer and business customers (e.g., products sold through office supply retailers). Rather, the techniques more likely to be utilized include: price-reductions, free product, promotional products and trade shows. Of the promotions listed, trade shows are by far the mostly widely used sales promotion for B-to-B marketers. Sales promotion has been in constant growth since the 1960’s and has today become one of the key factors in the promotional mix. The methods used have become more sophisticated and an increasing number of companies are realizing the importance of a well structured promotion strategy. It was also found that the focus is not always on using sales promotion tools to generate sales, but to improve relationships. As for the tools used, it was found that there are commonly used sales promotional tools in B2B settings. Promotional Activities Advertising – advertise the product, service or brand in newspapers, radio, television, magazines, outdoor signage and website. Personal selling or Telemarketing – Face-to-face selling in which a seller attempts to persuade a buyer to make a purchase. Publicity – created by sending media releases to print and broadcasting media, giving interviews to the media and from word-of-mouth. Short-term sales Promotions – market your product or service using coupons, competitions, discounts, and contests. Direct Marketing – involves sending letters, emails, pamphlets and brochures to individual target clients, often followed by personal selling or telemarketing. X-Deals – this involves releasing our products to established retailers in exchange for a percentage of the profit. This percentage ranges for each retailer but also promises immediate exposure to the market. Sample products: 135,000 php (300 pcs @ P450 per mug) Free/Giveaways -The company will be giving away sample products in prospective clients. Trade shows: 20,000 php -when there is trade show the company will participate by installing a both to display the products. SWOT Analysis http://www.cps.ca.gov/workforceplanning/documents/ToolKitEnvScanSWOT.pdf STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Everyone uses tumbler especially when they’re drinking coffee Attractive because of its electronic capabilities Simple but very useful The market is not existing resulting to difficulty to build a string market OPPORTUNITIES THREATS There are no other tumbler that has the capability to reheat liquids such as coffee or water. Not so expensive so the chance of expanding is high Potential on the B2B transaction through a retail outlet Can be sell on a study store or any bookstore There might have competition online or local. There are simple tumblers that only function to hold your coffee or any other drinks Distribution Channel The Distribution Channel of the Fahrenheit Electronics Company is using a Business-to-Business Marketing which it describes transactions between business, including the manufacturer-wholesaler transaction relationship and, or wholesaler-retailer transaction relationship. The same as the Business-to-Consumer marketing, B2B can also employ different channels, such as physical store or e-commerce as the company acquire. The difference is that B2B’s transaction is in bulk therefore involving large sums of money which is how the company transacts. Industry Analysis TRENDS Small kitchen appliances continued to have a small contribution to overall volume sales of consumer appliances in 2012, because almost all of these products are considered unnecessary or have direct and indirect substitutes which are cheaper or are readily available in most homes. Nonetheless, the category posted volume growth of 5% in 2012. This can be attributed to the increasing need for convenient products due to Filipinos’ busier lifestyles. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE Ever Good Unlimited remained the leader in small kitchen appliances in 2012, with a 29% volume share. The company was able to maintain its position due to the strong following for its Imarflex brand, its long-standing presence in the country, and extensive distribution across different channels. In 2012, Ever Good Unlimited and Northern Islands, its closest competitor, each registered a market share increase of two percentage points. However, Northern Islands experienced a slightly stronger sales volume growth of 5.4%. PROSPECTS Small kitchen appliances are expected to record a volume CAGR of 4% over the forecast period. This stable growth can be attributed to more Filipinos switching to electric kettles, the biggest category, because of the convenience that these devices offer, especially to those with hectic schedules. The country’s good economic outlook is also anticipated to stimulate demand, as consumers will be more willing to spend due to better financial stability. Hence, household penetration is expected to improve in the next five years. http://www.euromonitor.com/small-kitchen-appliances-non-cooking-in-the-philippines/report Industry Analysis Consumer Appliances in the Philippines Consumer appliances records modest volume and value growth in 2012 Consumer appliances in the Philippines recorded modest volume growth in 2012. This growth can be attributed to better economic conditions, the residential property boom in the country, the green initiatives of the government and manufacturers, and the prevalence of flexible payment options from major banks and chained electrical goods retailers. The increase in value sales, on the other hand, was mainly driven by greater demand for energy-efficient and feature-heavy models, which commonly command higher unit prices. (Source: http://www.euromonitor.com/consumer-appliances-in-the-philippines/report) Top Appliances Stores in the Philippines The EMCOR Store Head Office In Davao City. EMCOR has over 100 branches spread across the Philippines. There are a number of appliance stores in the Philippines that carry nearly all product lines. They offer prices at almost the same rates like their competitors. Nevertheless, not all of these companies share the same excellence when it comes to products and services. Quality products, excellent service and amazing promotions are some of the aspects that set them aside from the rest. Below are the Top 3 one-stop shop appliance stores operating all over the Philippines today. We considered the following criteria for ranking the companies: Network size, Products, Service, Online transaction capability, and Industry tenure. 1. EMCOR Inc. is considered to be the most extensive retail appliance, computer, furniture and motorcycle store in the Philippines. They have been serving the Filipino people for 52 years. This company has a total of 106 stores operating all over Visayas, Mindanao and Palawan areas with a sister company in Luzon, the KServico, that has a total of 100 stores in Metro Manila and Luzon area. It has developed the online transaction feature recently and is beginning to receive orders for overseas customers. They have the customer service officers or CSO’s to attend to the customers even after the sale. EMCOR carries all major brands for all product lines. One reason that separates this company among the others is their Instalment Plan. EMCOR offers Industry Analysis installment plan of up to 30 months for motorcycles and 18 months for appliances, furniture and computers. In addition, they recently added Western Union to their service in order to cater the remittances of our sisters and brothers working abroad. 2. Abenson, Inc., one of the companies of Benison Group of Companies, has engaged in retailing of appliances and consumer products in the Philippines for 35 years now. They have 64 branches in Luzon, Cebu and Tagbilaran only. They operate inside department stores for the convenience of the people. Most customers prefer one-stop shopping nowadays and there’s no better place for it but the malls. Their online shop, to most, is considered to be among the best Philippine website marketing tools. It caters to both local and overseas consumers.Abenson stores carry appliance and computer brands for all product lines. 3. SM Appliance is the retail appliance store of SM Group of companies. They have been in the industry for 18 years since their incorporation in SM malls in 1991. Although SM Appliance stores are located only inside SM Department Stores and other prominent malls, it has 45 branches operating all over Luzon (37), Visayas (6) and Mindanao (2). They also have their online store which will enable customers to shop for appliances in the Philippine, both local and abroad.SM Appliance stores carry all kinds of products from small to major items. These companies continue to grow in spite of the economic challenges our industry are experiencing right now. They continue to serve the global market with quality products and excellent services. These facts are the reasons why the aforementioned companies are among the top appliance stores in the Philippines. Market Risks The advent of advanced electronics technology in the country brought various introduction of innovative electronic products to the market. This trend does not allow the majority of manufacturing companies to maximize their time to introduce another product. This is mainly because there is an increasing intense competition in the industry. There exists a diverse competitors ranging from huge global corporations to specialized companies within the Philippines. Competitors are increasingly manufacturing products, including sophisticated ones, in low-cost jurisdictions. This becomes one of the risks that the company shall look into. Other risks, manufacturing in particular, include two main issues: First is the price of the major commodity, and raw materials. Since the materials to be used in the product are not solely produced by the company, the fluctuation of global exchange rate might affect the price of raw materials that are mostly imported by large manufacturing companies in other countries. Secondly, quality control checks have been introduced at all stages of appliance assembly in the country. Thus, it requires that the company shall also perform quality control during its product assembly. Demand & Supply Analysis https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=10&ved=0CGYQFjAJ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.ca.gov%2Fworkforceplanning%2Fdocuments%2FGetStartSuppDemAnalysis.doc&ei=9-MtUu6XF-jQiAfk7IDADQ&usg=AFQjCNHgZcAaZ6XXwvcOb_RNuMgRuwni1w&sig2=X1ntMOFozrj67OQzBeDuOw Survey A Short Survey on Travel Mugs – We appreciate your input and guarantee that your answers will be treated with confidentiality and respect. Rest assured that the results will be used strictly for academic purposes only. Thank you! What is the name of your company? What is your line of business? Who are your key customers? How many people does your company employ? What is your job title? Does your company have other branches? Does your company offer travel mug/coffee tumblers to its customers? If not, would you be willing to? If so, who is responsible for buying or getting them? Where does your company go when looking for an item like this? How often does your company purchase them? How many of them do you order each time? How long does it take your company to make this buying decision? What features do you look for when you purchase this item? What needs are you trying to meet when you purchase them? Socio-Economic Aspect A. Customer Our product thermo cup has a great impact on our customers. Thermo cup is made not only for busy business man but also for young professionals who does not have enough time to boil water for their coffee. Our product was made for all workers who are very busy, thermo cup has heating capacity and also contain USB plug so our customers can plug in the thermo cup in their laptops or even in their cars. Thermo cup is also a friendly user it is very easy to use and it is also portable and you can bring it anywhere even when you are travelling inside or outside the country. Thermo cup is made to let people know technology is evolving very fast it might affect the old tradition of each customers but customers should know what benefits they would will be getting when they consume an advance product. Thermo cup ensure 100 percent quality and 100 percent satisfactory for our dear customers. B. Community Building a new assembly area nearby a community will affect the local’s everyday life and their future. The environment of the town will also alter, it is true that there are some negative effects, because a large assembly area will pollute the environment and the traffic will rise. The most obvious advantages of the new assembly area are the economy developments. Nowadays, unemployment is increasing therefore almost every town require new job opportunities. the positive effect to the local economy is tremendous. New workplaces born and the extant industry is also improving by the increased commerce. In addition, environmental change is also performed because the government has more found to spend from the growth of the industrial tax and the drop of the unemployment benefits. On the other hand, the new construction will have disadvantages. For instance, the pollution will rise and the traffic of the town is probably increasing. The construction of the new assembly area is often noisy and perhaps taking for a year to being built. After it is finished, the employees are starting to work and as a result, the traffic of the rush hours will grow. Furthermore, the factory will begin to pollute the environment. Not only the assembly area itself, but also the new volume of transport. All things considered, building a new assembly area is beneficial to the community in spite of its adverse affect, because in our days, people well-being depends on work opportunities and economy state. If the fund of the town is good, the environment pollution can be reduced by developments. C. Government Fahrenheit Technologies assures that their company will regularly pay their taxes and will follow all the rules set by the government. The benefit that the government can obtain from Fahrenheit Technologies is the tax revenue itself. And in return this tax revenue collected by the government will benefit the household sector D. Proponents (Vic) This company can also offer jobs to a lot of unemployed citizens that will help the economy build itself. The proposed business will benefit the economy through providing employment. This will give the hired employees and their families their source of income for their living needs. That consumers income will help keep the economy stimulated. This business will support local workers as well as professionals and alleviate the need for local employment. It will also promote the creativity of the individuals, concerned in this project. The business will also contribute to the competition which will lower the price of the product but will maintain its quality. Curriculum Vitae -resumes Executive Summary This study aims to examine the feasibility of introducing an innovative, non-cooking appliance in the market The objective of this study is to identify the demand for this product in the market Justification Study objective Scope of study Type of business Management highlights Marketing highlights Financial highlights Socio-eco contribution 2 pages! Sources Financial Director http://www.paretofd.co.uk/financedirector_1006.pdf Human Resource Director http://www.villanovau.com/hr-director-job-description/ Marketing Director http://voices.yahoo.com/roles-responsibilities-marketing-director-7654218.html Office Supplies http://www.valueline.com/Stocks/Industries/Industry_Analysis__Office_Equipment_and_Supplies.aspx Organization President http://humanresources.about.com/od/samplejobdescription/f/president.htm Salaries & Benefits http://easyoutsource.com/employee-benefits-in-the-philippines/ http://invest.cfo.gov.ph/pdf/part2/salaries-and-wages.pdf http://www.coa.gov.ph/tsolmp/TSOIntra/Manpower(labor).htm Company Profile http://www.businessweek.com/small-business/legal-forms/starting-a-business/company-profile-samples.html Raw Materials http://www.technologystudent.com/elec1/diode1.htm http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/392421984/12V_Smart_mug_16oz_capacity_with.html http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090606150900AAKF1eh B2B Survey http://survey.cvent.com/blog/best-practices-for-conducting-surveys/15-key-questions-for-b2b-market-research-surveys Performance Appraisal http://www.sbaer.uca.edu/research/swdsi/2003/Papers/089.pdf Hiring of Personnel http://www.adzu.edu.ph/employment-policies-and-practices/hiring-procedure.html Benefits of Travel Mug http://EzineArticles.com/3033108 http://www.asicentral.com/asp/open/content/content.aspx?id=3842 http://www.promotionalgifts.org/travel-mugs-c127.htm http://drinks.answers.com/bar-equipment/benefits-of-a-brugo-travel-mug Location http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Center http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig_City Distribution Channel https://www.boundless.com/marketing/marketing-channels/channel-structures/b2b-channels/ Promotional Strategy http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/sales-promotion-in-business-to-business-marketing-marketing-essay.php Type of Business http://www.ebscohost.com/uploads/imported/thisTopic-dbTopic-1074.pdf http://20101918nd.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/btob.asp Industry Analysis http://www.euromonitor.com/small-kitchen-appliances-non-cooking-in-the-philippines/report http://jsantos8000.hubpages.com/hub/top-appliances-stores Business Permits and Applications http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/philippines/starting-a-business Pre-operating Costs

Essay about African American Notes

Essay about African American Notes Essay about African American Notes Africans & African Americans The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Origins Slavery as a Racially-Based Economic System (Labor Force) -Native Americans Indentured Servants: DOESNT WORK unable to be racially identified West Africans TRANSATLANTIC Slave Trade West African to Americas (slaves labor force) Americas to Europe (raw materials) Europe to West Africa (finished goods guns & weapons) West Africa *Ghana, Mali, Songhay Empires, *Trans-Saharan Trade *Diversity: ethnicity & Religion Transatlantic slave trade *FORCED MIGRATION *5 MAJOR STEPS 12.5 MILLION PEOPLE March to the Coast Europeans set up forts on West African coasts Krumen: AFRICANS WHO AIDED IN THE CAPTURE AND TRANSPORT *Conditions- shackles, resistance, 25% dont make it Slave Fort *Wait for ships *Weeks to months *2 types of holding pens- Barracoon: conditions where exposure to sun, dehydration, food distribution Dungeon- conditions where no air, no sunlight, sanitation #3. Middle Passage 2 weeks to a month depending on the season The journey from the West African coast to the Caribbean Used canoes to get from coast to boat Packing- tight or loose - (give them room and not starve but less will perish only lose 10%) ALL ECONOMICS Conditions: disease (Dysentery- bad water, dehydration, loss of fluids), starvation (fed once a day and skips some people because there is not enough food), death (1 of 4), sharks, Atrophy (lose muscle mass from lack of use) *dances to prevent atrophy one hour/day Slave Auction Caribbean- prepare for sale: Man: greased up in pig fat to make muscles look strong, coal or ashes in hair to cover up grays, checked from head to toe Woman: make sure they have child bearing abilities. if not, sold at lower price and work in fields #5. Seasoning taken to a new home and meet three people *Master: the one who bought you *Overseer: supervise *Slave driver: usually black who has already lived on the plantation; middle man between new slaves -breaking-will *punishment: whippings, hot box, -new identity *given an english name *taught language Slavery in The United States Cotton Gin *1794 *Eli Whitney Louisiana Purchase *1803 3. Transatlantic Slave Trade ends†¨ *Illegal 1808 Interstate Slave trade *tobacco upper south: -maryland, tennessee, virginia lower south: -alabama, mississippi, louisiana, florida The Plantation - Statistics (by 1860) 5% of the white population owned slaves 3.95 million slaves = 12% of the population 86% of slaves lived and worked on a farm or plantation 11% were mulatto (mixed) *One Drop Rule: one drop of african blood= slave The plantation Gang LABOR V. TASK LABOR Gang Labor: cotton plantations in Deep South from sun-up to sun-down (most familiar) Task Labor: rice plantations in Low-Country (GA and SC) â€Å"Free Time† may leave after task is completed The plantation: Daily life -Work *field *domestic -Leisure *food *Worship *family -Brutality *slave codes *floggings (whippings) *rape Resistance Active v. Passive Active: running away, revolt, theft, poison, arson, breaking tools, suicide Passive: Slow down, fake illness, play dumb, â€Å"The SECtional CRISIS† *abolitionism: 2% of the North *Fugitive Slave Act of 1850- they would find slaves and turn them in for money *Kansas-Nebraska Act: Kansas would be slave and Nebraska would be free *Charles Sumner Incident: Mass. senator anti slavery talking about how slavery should be illegal. Preston Brooks was pissed about that and beat him with a cane *John Brown’s Raid -Harper’s Ferry Virginia: *Election of 1860- Abraham Lincoln; south secedes from USA; 11 states became Confederate States of America Abolitionism Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Bleeding Kansas Charles Sumner Incident ohn Brown’s Raid Election of 1860 Secession Secession Crisis 1861 Civil War